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Józef Mackiewicz
Józef Mackiewicz (April 1, 1902 – January 31, 1985) was a Polish writer, novelist and political commentator; best known for his documentary novels ''Nie trzeba głośno mówić'' (One Is Not Supposed to Speak Aloud), and ''Droga donikąd'' (The Road to Nowhere). He staunchly opposed communism, referring to himself as an "anticommunist by nationality". Mackiewicz died in exile. His older brother Stanisław Mackiewicz was also a writer.
== Life and career ==
Józef Mackiewicz was the son of Antoni Mackiewicz and Maria née Pietraszkiewicz originally from Kraków, a Polish noble family from the Polish-Lithuanian gentry of Bożawola coat of arms. He was born on 1 April 1902 in Saint Petersburg. Józef Mackiewicz was the younger brother of Stanisław Mackiewicz, a political publicist and Prime Minister of the postwar Polish government in exile from 1954 to 1955; and Seweryna Mackiewicz, mother of Polish writer Kazimierz Orłoś (pl).
In 1907 his family moved to Wilno (part of Poland from 1918 till 1945, now Vilnius, Lithuania). In 1919, as a 17-year-old volunteer he participated in the Polish–Soviet War, first, as an uhlan of the 10 Polish Cavalry Regiment, and then of the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans. He finished his military service during Poland's fight of independence as an uhlan of the 211 Volunteer Regiment of the Niemen Cavalry. Similar to other young veterans of the war who entered university without their Matura graduation, Mackiewicz started his favourite subject of biological sciences at the University of Warsaw and then upon moving to Vilnius continued studies at the Vilnius University, but he never graduated with a degree. From 1923 he worked as a journalist for ''Słowo'' (''The Word''), a periodical published in Vilnius by his older brother Stanisław and fully sponsored and financed by the old noble families of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Journalist work took him all over the Baltic republics and eastern Poland.〔
Mackiewicz married Antonina Kopańska with whom he had a daughter Halina, and upon divorce he was in a long-term relationship with Wanda Żyłowska, with whom he had a daughter Idalia (died in Vilnius during World War II, but had a son still alive in Lithuania). Then he began his lifelong relationship with a writer and journalist of Vilnius' ''Słowo'' Barbara Toporska, but they had no children. They married in 1939.〔(W. Bolecki, Józef Mackiewicz – pisarz przemilczany )〕
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